Saturday, October 1, 2016

La OPEP: incertidumbre y turbulencia en la geopolitica petrolera global

Del 26 al 28 de Septiembre a se produjo una reunion de carácter consultivo entre diversos miembros del Foro Internacional de Energia que engloba a paises productores y consumidores donde toda la atención de los mercados se centro en el posible anuncio de una decision que finalmente se dio, a raíz de un entendimiento entre los dos miembros mas relevantes de la organización, Arabia Saudita e Iran, de recortar un total de 750 MBD, pero de la que aun no se han afinado detalles técnicos y se esperaría que sea en la próxima reunion ministerial ordinaria en el mes de Noviembre donde sea formalizado el anuncio y su operacionalizacion subsiguiente. 

Asi como tampoco se sabe de la voluntad de otros productores importantes no OPEP de unirse a esta intención de recorte como Rusia, Noruega, Mexico, todo lo anterior en medio de una situación de pugnas y rivalidades internas dentro la organización especialmente entre saudíes e iraníes por lograr el control e influencia religioso geopolítica en el mundo musulmán así como la turbulencia política que se encuentran viviendo cada uno de los paises miembros del bloque que controla el 40% de la producción mundial petrolera actualmente, ademas de controlar alrededor del 60% de las reservas globales de petróleo a escala global, lo que, a pesar de posiciones en contra de la organización y que afirman su irrelevancia actual a la hora de influir en el comportamiento de los precios y los mercados internacionales, aun le otorga a este organismo importancia en la dinámica de la geopolítica petrolera.

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Cuota de reservas petroleras por la OPEP para finales de 2015
Fuente: Boletin Estadistico de la OPEP 2016

Es bien sabido que la OPEP pero específicamente algunos actores tanto internos como externos han propulsado un cambio radical de su estrategia de pasar de defensa de precios justos para los miembros productores a pasar a una radical defensa y protección de "market share" o cuotas de mercados principalmente defendida por el mayor productor del bloque Arabia Saudita así como sus aliados del denominado Consejo de Cooperacion del Golfo, compuesto por las monarquías emiratos y sultanatos como Kuwait, Emiratos Arabes Unidos, Bahrein y Oman, los cuales tradicionalmente han sido cercanos a las posturas sauditas tanto en el seno de la OPEP como en la dinámica geopolítica de la region, y ademas otros paises se han unido a esta estrategia como Iran pero con la intención de recuperar su propia participación en el mercado luego de un largo periodo de sanciones que afecto notablemente su producción y sus exportaciones petroleras, postura que resulta comprensible basado en razones de interés nacional para Iran en este caso. 

En este sentido, esta estrategia de propiciar una sobre oferta petrolera con el fin de inundar los mercados internacionales desplegada desde 2014 y que sirvió como resorte para esta defensa de mercados causo un descalabro en los precios del crudo, que mas alla de haber afectado a la industria del shale oil y shale gas (petróleo y gas de esquisto) en  Estados Unidos, resulto ser contraproducente para los mismos impulsores de dicho plan, ya que es sabido que en el plano financiero y macroeconómico las cosas no andan bien para Arabia Saudita, Kuwait, Emiratos Arabes Unidos, 

Ademas otros paises afectados por este comportamiento y que ha derivado en medidas generalizadas comunes tales como: recortes de gastos públicos, recortes de subsidios al combustible automotor, jugadas inéditas (o tal vez no?) de iniciar una oferta de acciones por parte de la empresa Saudi Aramco, lanzamiento de planes para diversificación de las economías del golfo pérsico tales como el Plan Vision 2030 donde el actual principe de la corona saudi estaría apuntando a intensificar el desarrollo de la energía solar, entre otras, lo que agregaría mas incertidumbre tanto a la dinámica geopolítica de la region, así como al futuro del petróleo y gas como fuentes de recursos en el Medio Oriente y en los países de la OPEP.

Ya varios países anunciaron sus desacuerdos y desavenencias al finalizar la reunion de la OPEP en el marco del Foro Internacional de Energia, mientras que por ejemplo Nigeria anuncio que estaría exenta de esta medida, Iraq critico el uso de las fuentes secundarias por parte de la OPEP para el manejo y publicación de sus cifras de producción, ademas de otros anuncios previos por parte de Libia en relación a su negativa de unirse a un posible congelamiento o recorte de producción, a sabiendas que necesita de forma urgente levantar su industria petrolera y aumentar sus exportaciones ante la continua crisis e inestabilidad política que atraviesa este país del norte de africa, fuente importante de exportaciones a los mercados europeos conjuntamente con Argelia. 

Inmediatamente posterior al anuncio de la decision de la OPEP y como consecuencia del repunte de los precios ademas de a resiliencia que ha mostrado la producción petrolera en Estados Unidos, la firma Baker Hughes afirmo que el numero de taladros petroleros aumento, lo que proyectaría un nuevo aumento de la producción petrolera por parte de USA, lo que significaría de ser sostenida esta tendencia, que la OPEP en su defensa de cuota de mercado no precisamente estaría interesada en debilitar a la producción del shale oil, sino mas bien facilitar mas entrada de producción norteamericana en el mercado lo que a la larga significaría nuevas caídas de los precios de no producirse un recorte mayor al inicial anunciado de 750 MBD




Numero de taladros activos en Estados Unidos para la semana del 30 de septiembre de 2016
Fuente: Baker Hughes

Para ello necesitaría la OPEP de la cooperación de Rusia en este caso, ante lo cual aparentemente y basado en cifras recientes de su producción, no estaría dispuesto a unirse a este recorte, no generando suficientes esperanzas para un efecto rebote de los precios, y todo esto en medio de un panorama decreciente de la demanda global de crudo principalmente para el 2017, en momentos en que bajo el tema de la intensificación del desarrollo de energías renovables y la disminución del uso de hidrocarburos fósiles principalmente en Europa y Asia, bajo el manto de los compromisos adquiridos bajo la COP 21 de cambio climático y reducción de emisiones de carbon.

Ante todo este panorama, la OPEP se enfrenta a importantes incertidumbres y a elementos que estan atentando contra el mismo derrumbe y desaparicion de la organización, tomando en cuenta el hecho de las grandes desavenencias que existen entre miembros del organismo ya que es sabido que algunos países basan en mayor proporción sus ingresos nacionales que otros de las exportaciones petroleras lo que ha hecho dificil la coordinación y disciplina en el bloque mas alla de las declaraciones formales y el protocolo usual al finalizar cada reunion. 

Sera posible que nos acerquemos al final de esta legendaria organización mas pronto que tarde? Que actores estarían mas interesados en una perdida de relevancia de la OPEP? Rusia o Estados Unidos? Hasta que punto las rivalidades geopolíticas seguirán minando la capacidad decisoria de esta organización? Multiplicidad de preguntas cruciales que resulta necesario seguir analizando sobre el curso de los acontecimientos para tratar de encontrar respuestas sobre un tema de alta importancia geoestrategica y geopolítica en el mercado petrolero internacional. 

The OPEC Game Changer

OPEC still pumping at full capacity. Will this change after November?

Saturday, September 24, 2016

The Uncertainty of Algeria in the Oil and Gas International Landscape.

Algeria, one of the most relevant natural gas producer and exporter in the OPEC and alternative source of natural gas exports to Europe, is facing one of its most uncertain times regarding its political and security currently, related first with the critical situation of president Abdelaziz Bouteflika and the issue with the succession of his post in case of his failing to continue power, which could raise many struggles between many factions in the political elite, and also having the risk of islamic radicalism gaining and expanding their presence in the country, which could set a repetition to the precedent of the civil war after the victory in elections of the Islamic Salvation Front in the 90's and the crackdown of the military forces to the members of this islamic leaned party, which reflects in many cases all across the MENA countries the continuing tensions between the secular forces solidified and controlled by military elites and the islamic political parties, and where Algeria might not be the exception this time.

In terms of oil and gas production, Algeria has been one of its steady producers and certainly has been hit by the low oil prices ever since 2014 when this period started originally, having european oil and gas companies like REPSOL, ENI as the top actors in the algerian energy landscape, ending the 2015 with a daily production of 1.2 millions of barrels per day, an overall refining capacity of over 650 thousands barrels per day, totalling proven reserves of around 12.2 billions of barrels and of natural gas of 4.500 billions of cubic meters, and having Europe and North America as their main destinations for its exports, according to OPEC's most recent data on Algeria, making this country not just for its energy important characterisation but also for its geopolitically important location a very sensitive spot to have in mind and monitor for Washington but most importantly for the EU's energy security in its constant search for alternative natural gas sources and to reduce its sempiternal addiction and dependence on russian imports, thats why algeria and its political and security situation and its potential outcome is so crucial for Europe. 

And this situation regarding Algeria and the potential dangers of it becoming another some sort of Libya in terms of political and security worsening situation and the growing presence of islamic extremist organisations for the EU, the Maghreb and Washington started just when an Al Qaeda affiliate group led by Mokhar Belmokhtar took expats as hostages in the Tingantourine gas facility near the location of In Amenas, putting the security risks under the radar for the energy industry and especially for the algerian state company SONATRACH and foreign companies like BP with which operates this facility under intense scrutiny, having the potential to expand and make it more recurrent for other types of facilities that could threaten to affect algerian oil and gas exports to Europe in some sort of way, if not properly assessed by the algerian government, just like it has happened with some other cases of terrorist organisations impacting the oil and gas business in Nigeria and the ever worsening situation of political instability in Libya which has practically destroyed its overall oil production to a meager 300 thousands barrels per day. 

Now that the country has been trying to develop a strategy to diversify its economy from its oil and gas dependency with a plan called "the patronage" due to the considerable impact of low oil prices, related mainly to cutting subsidies for the use of fuel and gasolines, and also in changing its sources of energy to renewables just like other countries in the MENA region and within the OPEC have started to do watching how oil prices have diminished their revenues, Algeria definitely faces many important political and security hurdles to keep in mind and considering if it wants to preserve its stability as a country not to run the risk of becoming another failed state like Libya or Iraq or Syria, having also specific foreign players like France and Brussels in general important interests in this country, so its really crucial what the future of Algeria might be in the next 5 years to say the least, facing right now many uncertainties that could add more pressure to the already conflicting and troublesome picture not just of the strained picture and relations within the OPEC which is much to say but for the entire oil and gas international markets.





Thursday, June 9, 2016

Nigeria, once again in chaos in its oil industry. Blame the Avengers..

Once again, Nigeria, which was from a long time ago Africa's top oil producer and exporter, is descending into chaos, but this time add to the already problematic scene of religious extremist violence of BOKO HARAM, the coming back of the once called MEND now turbocharged and more arrogant and intransigent than ever "The Avengers" (sounds more like a movie, unfortunately it is not), and has brought a renewed wave of violence and repeated attacks against the most important oil and gas facilities targeting this time especially the ones operated by EXXON and also ENI has been victim of these recent attacks, which has caused a tremendous plunge in nigerian overall oil production, which according to recent data from the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, in march descended in less than 2 MMBD, to 1.8 MMBD, which could be found in this report: Nigeria oil production plunged to 1.8 MMBD in March 2016. This definitely shows how impacted the nigerian oil industry has been because of these recent surge in attacks from the Avengers. 


These renewed attacks come presumably as a direct consequence of diverse and consecutive measures taken by President of Nigeria, Muhammadu Buhari, aimed in general to wash away corruption that has been plaguing Nigeria's oil industry and its state oil company, which is now under restructure process, and also as a consequence of a direct measure taken by Mr Buhari to end contracts to protect oil and gas facilities held by the previous government with militant rebel commanders and cut also payments and stipends to former commanders to avoid any future uprising like the one happening now, which looks like to be more violent and non receding any time soon, after in recent days, the Avenger top officials announced that it was not going to participate in any talks or deals with the government, until its demands were not complied nor dealt with, which in general relate to more oil revenues from the Delta Niger operations and more autonomy for the region, which hardly the Buhari government would abide for these demands, having also the cooperation of the international community by his side to combat and fight the BOKO HARAM and also it would be the possibility to request help to fight against The Avengers.

All these events in Nigeria have caused an important spike in oil prices levels, which in recent days reached new record highs of 50$ in the Brent benchmark, which along with recent outages in Canada due to severe wildfires, show that what happens with the nigerian oil industry it really means something for the world oil market, especially when one knows that the quality of their crude oils are between the best, very much needed and imported by the US, and which unfortunately is running the risk to be totally overtaken by Angola, now ranked as the african top oil producer and exporter to the western markets and also an important supplier to China. Maybe Angola which overcame and experienced a long civil war and insurgency clashes and currently with a flowing and thriving oil industry could teach some lessons and help Nigeria's government to deal with this important troublesome situation. 

And there is two crucial issues to discern or think about in the days and weeks to come, depending on how this situation evolve and if the government of Mr Buhari gets finally a talk with the Avengers, which relate to first of all, the behaviour of the rest of the OPEC members regarding the current situation in Nigeria and its huge energy security problem, since particularly thinking, its not enough to vote for a nigerian to be secretary general of the organisation, Mr Sanusi Berkindo, which could be seen as a consolation prize, but how nigerian lost oil production will be filled? Will there be true solidarity inside the OPEC with its troubled member? It might be a silly and naive question, but it is important to see this issue as well. Or on the contrary, with all this market share craziness and the law of the jungle existing as a rule of law in the bloc, other countries like Angola and the KSA will run to fill nigerian void. And most important of all, if oil production keeps this low, will Mr Buhari request to be out the OPEC similar to the Indonesia case in the past. Only time will tell, and well, of course, based on much of what the Avengers and the Nigerian government do to prevent Nigeria from becoming a net oil importer after being the 1 Africa's oil producer. And also, is there any foreign player benefiting from all this situation? Maybe the private security organisations hired by EXXON, CHEVRON? One could never know for real...


Friday, June 3, 2016

Myanmar and Oil


Sincerely, I am surprised by the impressive quantum leap Myanmar has been given on the news, leasding the rankings in economic growth in Southeast Asia and due to its important natural gas reserves off shore,it has been opening up to the world and poised to be a game changer in world oil geopolitics, and a prize to take between India, China, United States, in terms of which country can have the most important and the biggest shares of their oil blocks and revenues. China, apparently has taken the lead on this regard, being a close partner since the darkest times of the Junta, and still close to it, but now India also is watching close how events play out and pouring huge investments in the oil and gas sector, being Indians very interested in this country. 

But for Washington this will be hard to take and measure and evaluate, since it has got to know and have the wisdom to calibrate its own national interests, and the relationships between Beijing and Delhi and overall how this play out in the geopolitical puzzle of the region. And also, there´s Australia as well, as one of the most important energy players in the pacific region, which could serve well as the bargaining chip between all interested players towards Myanmar energy riches. 

Not to forget that according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates the country, also known as Burma, had 10 trillion cubic feet of proven reserves and produced 421 billion cubic feet of the fuel The reserves are 1.9 percent of known deposits in the Asia Pacific, according to the EIA. So this is why Myanmar could have bigger geopolitical implications for the region than ever thought, now even more so when the issue about the South China Sea between China and Washington is surfacing again, and which holds huge and massive hydrocarbon reserves.


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